Vectors/norlm/norbert
Contents
NorBERT: Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers
NorBERT is a BERT deep learning language model [Devlin et al 2019] trained from scratch for Norwegian. The model can be used to achieve state-of-the-art results for various Norwegian natural language processing tasks. These models are part of the ongoing NorLM initiative for very large contextualized Norwegian language models and associated tools and recipies. The NorBERT training setup builds on prior work on FinBERT by our collaborators at the University of Turku.
- Download from the NLPL Vector Repository
- Use with the Huggingface Transformers library
NorBERT features a custom 30 000 WordPiece vocabulary that has much better coverage of Norwegian words than the multilingual BERT (mBERT) models from Google:
| Vocabulary | Example of a tokenized sentence |
|---|---|
| NorBERT | Denne gjengen håper at de sammen skal bidra til å gi kvinne ##fotball ##en i Kristiansand et lenge etterl ##engt ##et løft . |
| mBERT | Denne g ##jeng ##en h ##å ##per at de sammen skal bid ##ra til å gi k ##vinne ##fo ##t ##ball ##en i Kristiansand et lenge etter ##len ##gte ##t l ##ø ##ft . |
Release history
13 February 2021 - version 1.1. Fixes an issue with duplicate entries in the NorBERT vocabulary. In rare cases it could lead to warnings and errors. The model itself is unchanged.
13 January 2021 - version 1.0 (deprecated)
Evaluation
We have currently evaluated NorBERT on three benchmarks: Part-of-Speech tagging on Bokmål (taken from the Universal Dependencies project), fine-grained sentiment analysis (with data from NoReC_fine) and sentence-level binary sentiment classification (with data from aggregating the fine-grained annotations in NoReC_fine and removing sentences with conflicting or no sentiment).
Data amounts:
| Data | Train | Dev | Test |
|---|---|---|---|
| POS | 15,696 | 2,409 | 1,939 |
| Sentiment | 2,675 | 516 | 417 |
For POS tagging and binary sentiment classification, we fine-tune NorBERT, Multilingual BERT and NB-BERT-Base for 20 epochs and keep the best model on the dev set. For fine-grained sentiment analysis, we use BERT token embeddings as features, with frozen model.
NorBERT outperforms mBERT on both tasks: on POS tagging by 0.5 percentage points, by 9.4 percentage points on binary sentiment classification, and by 2.1 points of targeted F1 score on fine-grained sentiment analysis.
NorBERT is on par with NB-BERT-Base on POS tagging, is a bit worse in binary sentiment classification and better in fine-grained sentiment analysis.
| Model/task | mBERT | NorBERT | NB-BERT-Base |
|---|---|---|---|
| Part-of-Speech tagging (accuracy) | 98.0 | 98.5 | 98.7 |
| Fine-grained sentiment analysis (Targeted F1) | 34.8 | 36.9 | 36.0 |
| Sentence-level binary sentiment classification (F1 score) | 67.7 | 77.1 | 83.9 |
Training Corpus
We use clean training corpora with ordered sentences:
- Norsk Aviskorpus (NAK); 1.7 billion words;
- Bokmål Wikipedia; 160 million words;
- Nynorsk Wikipedia; 40 million words;
In total, this comprises about two billion (1 907 072 909) word tokens in 203 million (202 802 665) sentences, both in Bokmål and in Nynorsk; thus, this is a joint model. In the future, separate Bokmål and Nynorsk models are planned as well.
Preprocessing
1. Wikipedia texts were extracted using segment_wiki.
2. In NAK, for years up to 2005, the text is in the one-token-per-line format. There are special delimiters signaling the beginning of a new document and providing the URLs. We converted this to running text using a self-made de-tokenizer.
3. In NAK, everything up to and including 2011 is in the ISO 8859-01 encoding ('Latin-1'). These files were converted to UTF-8 before any other pre-processing.
4. The resulting corpus was sentence-segmented using Stanza. We left blank lines between documents (and sections in the case of Wikipedia) so that the "next sentence prediction" task doesn't span between documents.
Vocabulary
The vocabulary for the model is of size 30 000 and contains cased entries with diacritics. It is generated from raw text, without, e.g., separating punctuation from word tokens. This means one can feed raw text into NorBERT.
The vocabulary was generated using the SentencePiece algorithm and Tokenizers library (code). The resulting Tokenizers model was converted to the standard BERT WordPiece format.
NorBERT Model Details
Configuration
NorBERT corresponds in its configuration to Google's Bert-Base Cased for English, with 12 layers and hidden size 768. Configuration file
Training Overview
NorBERT was trained on the Norwegian academic HPC system called Saga. Most of the time the training was distributed across 4 compute nodes and 16 NVIDIA P100 GPUs. Training took approximately 3 weeks. Instructions for reproducing the training setup with EasyBuild
Training Code
Similar to the creators of FinBERT, we employed the BERT implementation by NVIDIA (version 20.06.08) which allows relatively fast multi-node and multi-GPU training.
We made minor changes to this code, mostly to update it to the newer TensorFlow versions (our patches).
All the utils we used at the preprocessing and training are published in our Github repository.
Training Workflow
The Phase 1 (training with maximum sequence length of 128) was being done with batch size 48 and global batch size 48*16=768. Since one global batch contains 768 sentences, approximately 265 000 training steps constitute 1 epoch (one pass over the whole corpus). We have done 3 epochs: 795 000 training steps.
The Phase 2 (training with maximum sequence length of 512) was being done with batch size 8 and global batch size 8*16=128. We aimed at mimicking the original BERT in that at Phase 2 the model should see about 1/9 of the number of sentences seen during Phase 1. Thus, we needed about 68 million sentences, which at the global batch size of 128 boils down to 531 000 training steps more.
Full logs and loss plots can be found here (the training was on pause on December 25 and 26, since we were solving problems with mixed precision training).
